Peer-Reviewed
Evidence Library
Curated summaries of clinical trials, animal studies, and mechanistic research that inform every peptide profile on this platform.
18 studies indexed
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1)
In this 68-week, double-blind, randomized trial of 1,961 adults, once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg produced a mean body-weight reduction of 14.9% versus 2.4% with placebo, alongside improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors.
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1)
A 72-week phase 3 trial of 2,539 adults without diabetes; the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide achieved mean weight reductions of up to 20.9% at the 15 mg dose, the largest yet reported for a pharmacologic agent at the time.
Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial
Retatrutide, a GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor triagonist, produced dose-dependent mean weight reductions reaching 24.2% at 48 weeks in adults with obesity, with a safety profile consistent with the incretin class.
Metabolic Effects of a Growth Hormone–Releasing Factor in Patients with HIV
The pivotal trial supporting FDA approval of tesamorelin: in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulation, tesamorelin significantly reduced visceral adipose tissue and triglycerides over 26 weeks without worsening glucose tolerance.
Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (RECONNECT)
Two phase 3 randomized trials supporting FDA approval of bremelanotide (PT-141): the melanocortin agonist significantly improved sexual desire and reduced associated distress in premenopausal women with HSDD.
Once-Weekly Cagrilintide for Weight Management — A Phase 2 Trial
The long-acting amylin analogue cagrilintide produced dose-dependent weight loss up to 10.8% over 26 weeks in adults with overweight or obesity, supporting amylin agonism as a distinct anti-obesity mechanism.
The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis and Reduces Obesity and Insulin Resistance
The foundational MOTS-c paper: this mitochondrial-derived peptide regulates the folate–AMPK pathway, enhancing insulin sensitivity and protecting against diet-induced obesity in mouse models.
Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data
A comprehensive review of the copper tripeptide GHK-Cu, documenting its modulation of thousands of human genes toward tissue remodeling, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.
The Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha-1 for Severe Sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, randomized controlled trial
In 361 patients with severe sepsis, thymosin alpha-1 produced a reduction in 28-day all-cause mortality and improved monocyte HLA-DR expression, supporting its immunomodulatory role.
Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in Trials for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Healing
A review of the extensive preclinical literature on BPC-157, summarizing its angiogenic, cytoprotective and tendon/ligament/gut healing effects across numerous rodent injury models.
Peptide Promotes Overcoming of the Division Limit in Human Somatic Cell Cultures
The Khavinson group reported that the tetrapeptide Epitalon (Epithalon) induced telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells, allowing them to surpass the Hayflick division limit in culture.
Prolonged Stimulation of GH and IGF-I Secretion by CJC-1295, a Long-Acting Analog of GHRH, in Healthy Adults
Single injections of CJC-1295 produced sustained, dose-dependent increases in growth hormone (2–10×) and IGF-I lasting 6+ days, with a half-life supporting once-weekly dosing.
Ipamorelin, the First Selective Growth Hormone Secretagogue
Ipamorelin stimulated growth hormone release with potency comparable to GHRP-6 but without the ACTH and cortisol elevations seen with other secretagogues, defining its selective profile.
Thymosin β4 Activates Integrin-Linked Kinase and Promotes Cardiac Cell Migration, Survival and Repair
Thymosin beta-4 (the parent of TB-500) promoted cardiomyocyte survival and migration and improved cardiac function after coronary artery ligation in mice, establishing its tissue-repair signaling.
The Effects of a Synthetic Fragment of Human Growth Hormone (AOD-9604) on Lipid Metabolism
The C-terminal hGH fragment AOD-9604 stimulated lipolysis and inhibited lipogenesis in vitro and in obese animal models without the diabetogenic effects of intact growth hormone.
A Comprehensive Summary of LL-37, the Factotum Human Cathelicidin Peptide
A review of LL-37, the only human cathelicidin, detailing its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, immunomodulation, angiogenesis and wound-healing roles.
Efficacy and Safety of the Anxiolytic Selank in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety and Neurasthenia
In a comparative clinical study, the heptapeptide Selank showed anxiolytic efficacy comparable to benzodiazepines (medazepam) without the sedation, dependence or withdrawal liabilities.
Semax, an Analogue of ACTH(4-10), Increases BDNF Levels in the Rat Hippocampus
Intranasal Semax elevated BDNF and trkB expression in the hippocampus, providing a molecular basis for its reported neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects.
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